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Kopoky, a small city in the Toliara Province of Madagascar, occupies a unique geographical position in the southwest of the island. Located at approximately -25.2122°S, 45.2095°E, the city sits relatively close to the coast, influenced by the Mozambique Channel. The terrain is characterised by a mix of arid and semi-arid landscapes, transitioning from spiny forests inland to coastal plains. Kopoky’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by scrubland and baobab trees, typical of the southern Madagascar ecosystem. While Kopoky isn’t a major industrial hub, the presence of small-scale artisanal mining, particularly for ilmenite and zircon, contributes to localised dust pollution. Agricultural activity, primarily subsistence farming and livestock rearing, also plays a role, with seasonal burning of vegetation for land clearing. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Kopoky is a relatively concentrated settlement surrounded by sparsely populated rural areas. This proximity to agricultural lands and mining operations, coupled with the flat topography and coastal location, creates conditions where air quality can be significantly impacted by local sources and weather patterns. The prevailing winds, often from the southeast, can carry dust and smoke into the city, exacerbating pollution levels.

Kopoky experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from April to November, is characterised by hot, arid conditions and strong winds. This period sees a significant increase in dust particles suspended in the air, originating from the surrounding scrubland and mining activities. The lack of rainfall means pollutants aren’t effectively washed away, leading to prolonged periods of reduced air quality. November to March brings the wet season, offering a temporary reprieve. Rainfall helps to suppress dust and clear the air, but increased humidity can also promote the growth of mould and allergens. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening conditions. The months of July and August are typically the most challenging for respiratory health due to peak dust levels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during these months. Conversely, the wet season months of February and March generally offer the best air quality. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on windy days is crucial year-round.