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Manantenina, nestled within the Toliara region of Madagascar, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at approximately -24.2815 latitude and 47.3178 longitude, the city sits inland, approximately 25km from the Mozambique Channel. The surrounding landscape is characterised by dry deciduous forests and spiny forests, typical of southwestern Madagascar, transitioning into scrubland further from the coast. The terrain is gently undulating, with a gradual rise in elevation moving inland, though Manantenina itself is relatively flat. This inland position buffers the city somewhat from direct marine influences, but also limits natural dispersion of pollutants. The urban character is primarily rural, with a population of around 19,000, indicating a relatively low level of industrial activity. However, the surrounding agricultural zones, focused on subsistence farming and increasingly, cash crops like sisal and cotton, contribute to particulate matter through land clearing and seasonal burning. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, with significant areas of untouched vegetation immediately bordering the town. Dust from unpaved roads and construction is a constant factor, exacerbated by the region’s arid climate. The lack of significant industrial belts within the city limits means that the primary pollution sources are diffuse and linked to local practices.

Manantenina experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, from April to October, is characterised by hot temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period sees a significant increase in airborne dust and particulate matter, originating from agricultural activities like land preparation and burning for new fields. Strong winds during this time exacerbate the issue, carrying dust across the city and limiting natural dispersion. November marks the beginning of the wet season, bringing relief from dust but introducing new challenges. While rainfall washes away particulate matter, the increased humidity can promote mold growth, impacting respiratory health. January and February are the wettest months, generally offering the best air quality, though localised flooding can stir up sediment. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season (July-September). The transition months (October/November and March/April) can be unpredictable, requiring increased vigilance. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor exposure.