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Mandabe, a coastal city in the Toliara Province of Madagascar, occupies a unique geographic position influencing its air quality. Situated at -21.0489 latitude and 44.9392 longitude, the city lies relatively close to the Mozambique Channel, experiencing a maritime tropical climate. The terrain is generally flat, transitioning from sandy beaches and coastal dunes inland to a drier, scrubland plateau. This proximity to the ocean introduces salt spray and marine aerosols into the air, while the surrounding landscape is dominated by spiny forests and agricultural lands, primarily focused on subsistence farming and some cash crops like sisal. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Mandabe itself is a relatively small urban centre, quickly giving way to rural landscapes. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities contributes significantly to particulate matter. The lack of substantial industrial belts within Mandabe itself means that local pollution sources are largely related to transport, domestic fuel burning (wood and charcoal), and waste management practices. The prevailing winds, influenced by the Indian Ocean monsoon systems, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The city’s low elevation exacerbates the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near ground level, particularly during calmer periods.

Mandabe experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The wet season, roughly November to April, brings relief from dust and some dispersal of pollutants due to increased rainfall and humidity. However, increased moisture can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. The heaviest rainfall typically occurs in January and February. The dry season, from May to October, is when air quality concerns peak. This is due to increased dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities, exacerbated by stronger winds. The months of July, August, and September are particularly dry and windy, leading to higher particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler, drier nights of the dry season, trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these months. During the transition periods (November and May), air quality can be variable. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from inland agricultural areas can bring dust and smoke, while offshore breezes offer cleaner air. Avoiding outdoor exercise near busy roads during peak traffic hours is advisable year-round.