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Maromby, a small city in the Toliara Province of Madagascar, occupies a unique geographic position along the southwest coast. Situated at coordinates -24.3531, 46.5765, the city’s terrain is largely defined by its proximity to the Mozambique Channel. The landscape is a mix of coastal plains, sandy beaches, and increasingly, areas impacted by deforestation further inland. The elevation is low, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Maromby’s urban character is relatively undeveloped, with a population of approximately 12,000, representing a sharp urban-rural gradient as it transitions quickly into sparsely populated agricultural lands dominated by subsistence farming, particularly zebu cattle herding and the cultivation of cassava and maize. While not a major industrial hub, localized brick-making and small-scale processing of agricultural products contribute to particulate matter emissions. The surrounding region experiences significant seasonal dust transport from the interior, exacerbated by land degradation. The coastal location means sea breezes play a role in air circulation, but can also trap pollutants during temperature inversions. The lack of extensive road networks limits vehicle emissions, but open burning of waste and agricultural residue is a common practice, impacting local air quality. This combination of factors creates a specific air quality profile for Maromby.

Maromby experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from April to November, is characterized by increased dust levels originating from the arid interior. Strong winds exacerbate this, carrying particulate matter into the city. This period sees the lowest rainfall, meaning pollutants aren’t effectively washed away. Open burning of agricultural waste after the harvest also peaks during these months, further degrading air quality. December to March brings the wet season, offering temporary relief. Rainfall effectively scrubs the air, reducing particulate matter concentrations. However, increased humidity can promote mold growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the late afternoon and early morning. The transition months (March/April and November/December) can be unpredictable, with fluctuating conditions. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding areas with visible smoke is advisable. Overall, the wet season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.