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Tsivory, nestled within the Toliara region of Madagascar, occupies a geographically unique position along the southwestern coast. Located at approximately -24.0727 latitude and 46.0793 longitude, the city’s immediate surroundings are characterized by a blend of coastal plains and gently undulating terrain, rising gradually towards the interior highlands. The proximity to the Mozambique Channel exerts a significant influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The landscape is dominated by scrubland and sparse vegetation, transitioning into more extensive agricultural zones further inland, primarily focused on vanilla, spices, and rice cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of agricultural waste and the use of fertilizers. The urban–rural gradient around Tsivory is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, with a population of just over 18,000, and quickly gives way to rural agricultural landscapes. The elevation is relatively low, generally below 50 meters above sea level, which limits dispersion of pollutants. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the monsoon patterns, generally blow from the east, carrying moisture and potentially pollutants from coastal areas and inland agricultural practices. The lack of significant industrial belts directly adjacent to Tsivory mitigates some industrial pollution risks, but the reliance on wood for fuel in some households can contribute to particulate matter, particularly during drier periods. The surrounding landscape, a mosaic of coastal scrub and agricultural fields, plays a crucial role in the city’s microclimate and air quality dynamics.

Tsivory’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its tropical climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season pattern. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations, primarily due to the increased use of wood for cooking and heating, coupled with the potential for agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the next planting season. The lack of rainfall means less natural scrubbing of the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, though not as frequent as in colder climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during calmer nights. The wet season, from November to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which generally leads to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to increased fungal spores and allergens, impacting respiratory health. Wind patterns shift during the wet season, often bringing moisture-laden air from the Mozambique Channel, which can temporarily reduce pollutant concentrations. During the transition months (April/May and October/November), air quality can be variable, influenced by the interplay of receding and approaching monsoon winds. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although pollen allergies should be considered. The intensity of the sun during the dry season also necessitates sun protection, regardless of air quality.