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Bourem, situated in the Gao region of Mali, is a city intrinsically linked to the Niger River. Located at approximately 16.9542°N, -0.3503°E, the city occupies a relatively flat terrain typical of the Inner Niger Delta, a floodplain of immense ecological and agricultural importance. The surrounding landscape is predominantly Sahelian – a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. Bourem’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The Niger River, while a vital resource, also influences local humidity and can contribute to localised temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Bourem is a relatively small urban centre surrounded by agricultural lands, primarily subsistence farming and pastoral activities. Dust from agricultural practices and seasonal wildfires are significant contributors to particulate matter. While Bourem isn’t characterised by heavy industry, the increasing use of diesel generators for power, coupled with traditional cooking methods employing wood and charcoal, introduces localised sources of combustion-related pollution. The city’s position within the Sahel makes it vulnerable to dust storms originating from the Sahara, impacting air quality significantly. The lack of extensive paved roads also exacerbates dust resuspension from vehicle traffic.

Bourem experiences a pronounced wet and dry season cycle, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and low humidity. This period sees the worst air quality due to increased dust resuspension from the arid landscape and the widespread use of wood and charcoal for cooking and heating. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara, exacerbate particulate matter concentrations, particularly in December and January. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during these months is advisable, especially for those with respiratory conditions. The transition to the wet season, June to August, brings relief as rainfall suppresses dust and washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould spores, potentially triggering allergic reactions. September and October, the tail end of the wet season, offer the most favourable air quality conditions. The wet season’s rainfall reduces dust levels, but localised flooding can create stagnant water, breeding mosquitoes and potentially increasing the risk of waterborne diseases. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should take extra precautions during seasonal transitions.