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Diabigué, situated in the Kayes region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian zone. Located at approximately 15.1528°N, -9.3228°W, the city’s terrain is largely characterised by flat to gently undulating plains, typical of the inland Niger Delta. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah, transitioning to more arid conditions further north. Diabigué isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though it lies within the broader watershed of the Senegal River, influencing local humidity and potential for dust transport. The urban character of Diabigué is defined by a relatively sparse population spread across a moderate area, exhibiting a strong urban-rural gradient as agricultural lands quickly surround the built-up areas. While not a major industrial centre, Diabigué serves as a regional market town, with associated transport activity. This, combined with prevalent use of wood and charcoal for cooking and heating, contributes to localised air pollution. The lack of significant elevation and frequent temperature inversions during calmer periods can trap pollutants near ground level, exacerbating air quality issues. Dust from the Sahara Desert, carried by Harmattan winds, is a recurring factor, impacting particulate matter concentrations. The city’s location makes it vulnerable to regional climate patterns and transboundary pollution.

Diabigué experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the annual air quality narrative. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is characterised by consistently high levels of particulate matter. The Harmattan winds, prevalent during these months, carry significant amounts of Saharan dust, dramatically reducing visibility and increasing PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. January and February are typically the dustiest months, posing risks to respiratory health. Temperatures are cooler during this period, but stable atmospheric conditions can lead to pollutant build-up. The onset of the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall washes away dust and suppresses particulate matter. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and other biological pollutants. July to September sees the highest rainfall, offering the cleanest air, though localised flooding can create stagnant water sources and breeding grounds for disease vectors. October marks a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return to drier conditions and increasing dust levels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and take precautions during dust storms.