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Diaï Koura, situated in the Kayes region of Mali at coordinates 15.1800, -9.9840, is a town deeply embedded within the Sahelian landscape. The terrain is predominantly flat to gently undulating, characteristic of the transition zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and the more vegetated Sudanian Savanna to the south. With a population of approximately 13,691, Diaï Koura’s urban character is defined by its relatively small scale and close relationship with the surrounding rural environment. The town lies within a broad valley, influenced by the Senegal River basin, though not immediately adjacent to the river itself. This distance mitigates some riverine influences on local air quality, but also means limited access to water for dust suppression. The surrounding landscape is primarily agricultural, with millet, sorghum, and maize cultivation being prevalent. This agricultural activity, alongside livestock rearing, contributes to particulate matter through land disturbance and biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; beyond the town limits, the landscape quickly transitions to open savanna and scrubland. The prevailing winds, often carrying dust and sand from the Sahara, significantly impact air quality, particularly during the dry season. The lack of substantial industrial activity within Diaï Koura itself means that local pollution sources are largely related to domestic fuel use and agricultural practices.

Diaï Koura experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the patterns of air quality throughout the year. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is when air quality is at its worst. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, bring substantial amounts of dust and particulate matter, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. January to March are particularly challenging months, with consistently high levels of airborne dust. Temperatures are high during this period, promoting the suspension of particles. The transition to the wet season, starting around June, brings a temporary improvement. Rainfall helps to settle dust and wash pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also lead to the formation of mold spores, potentially affecting air quality for sensitive individuals. July and August, the peak of the rainy season, generally offer the cleanest air. As the wet season wanes in September and October, agricultural activities intensify, including land preparation and burning of crop residues, leading to a resurgence in particulate matter. Individuals with asthma or other respiratory conditions should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and periods of agricultural burning. Children and the elderly are also particularly vulnerable. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding areas with active burning are crucial preventative measures.