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Kassaro, nestled within the Kayes Region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position on the edge of the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and the savannas of West Africa. Located at approximately 12.95°N, 8.88°W, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, part of the larger Bani River basin. The elevation averages around 280 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to seasonal shifts. Kassaro’s proximity to the Niger River, though not directly on its banks, influences regional humidity and wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly semi-arid scrubland and sparse woodland, interspersed with small-scale agricultural plots – primarily millet, sorghum, and maize – which contribute to localized dust emissions, particularly during the dry season. The urban–rural gradient around Kassaro is gradual, with agricultural activity extending relatively close to the city limits. Further afield, the landscape transitions into the more arid Sahelian environment. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Kassaro; however, regional mining activities (gold and other minerals) in the Kayes Region, though distant, can contribute to airborne particulate matter transported by prevailing winds. The city’s location within a broad, relatively flat plain limits natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The regional climate, dominated by a hot, dry season and a shorter, less intense wet season, significantly impacts the dispersion of airborne contaminants.

Kassaro’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Sahelian climate. The dry season, spanning roughly November to May, presents the most challenging conditions. Characterized by intense solar radiation, low humidity, and frequent dust storms originating from the Sahara and surrounding Sahelian regions, particulate matter concentrations consistently rise. Wind patterns during this period are often variable, sometimes leading to stagnant air conditions that exacerbate pollution accumulation. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants near the ground. The months of February and March are typically the most problematic, with increased dust events and reduced visibility. The onset of the wet season (June to October) brings a temporary reprieve. Rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, significantly improving air quality. However, the initial rains can stir up existing dust, leading to short-term spikes in particulate matter. Humidity increases, reducing the suspension of dust particles. During the wet season, agricultural activities, including burning of crop residues, can contribute to localized smoke pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks when dust storms are prevalent. The transitional months of May and November present moderate air quality, with fluctuating conditions as the climate shifts between dry and wet phases. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air filtration is advisable throughout the year, particularly during periods of elevated dust.