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Sitakili, a city nestled within the Kayes region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s western expanse. Located at approximately 13.1069°N latitude and 11.2325°W longitude, the city is situated on relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the Sahelian zone. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah, transitioning into more arid conditions further north. The Senegal River forms a crucial geographical boundary to the west, influencing local climate patterns and providing a vital water source, though also potentially contributing to localised humidity and dust suspension during the dry season. Sitakili’s elevation is modest, generally below 300 meters, which doesn’t offer significant atmospheric dispersion. The urban character is typical of a rapidly growing West African city, with a blend of traditional housing and more modern construction. While not heavily industrialised, the presence of small-scale workshops, gold mining activity in the broader Kayes region, and agricultural processing contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with agricultural lands immediately surrounding the city, and a gradual transition to pastoral lands further afield. This proximity to agricultural practices, including seasonal burning, significantly impacts air quality, particularly during the dry season. Dust from the Sahara Desert, carried by prevailing winds, is a consistent factor.

Sitakili experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is characterised by consistently poor air quality. Harmattan winds sweep across the region, carrying substantial amounts of Saharan dust, significantly increasing particulate matter concentrations. This dust, combined with emissions from local transport, small-scale industries, and agricultural burning, creates a haze that can persist for weeks. January to March are typically the worst months for respiratory health. The onset of the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement. Rainfall washes away dust and suppresses airborne particles. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and contribute to indoor air pollution. August and September, the peak of the rainy season, generally offer the cleanest air, though localised flooding can exacerbate the spread of waterborne pathogens. October sees a gradual return to drier conditions and a corresponding decline in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and consider using masks when dust levels are high. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak dust periods is crucial for protecting health.