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Yéréré, a town in the Kayes Region of Mali, sits at approximately 15.2590°N latitude and 9.4270°W longitude, placing it within the Sahelian zone. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the inland Niger River basin, with a gradual slope towards the Senegal River basin to the west. The town’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Yéréré is not directly on a major water body, though it lies within a region punctuated by seasonal streams and *marigots* (swamps), which can contribute to localised humidity and dust suspension. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah grassland and scrubland, transitioning to more arid conditions further north. Agriculture, primarily subsistence farming, dominates the immediate surroundings, with limited industrial activity within Yéréré itself. However, regional trade routes pass through Kayes, the larger regional centre, potentially introducing vehicle emissions. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Yéréré is a relatively small settlement surrounded by sparsely populated rural areas. This means that local sources of pollution, such as wood burning for cooking and small-scale artisanal activities, have a disproportionately large impact on air quality within the town. Dust from agricultural practices and unpaved roads is a significant factor, exacerbated by the region’s susceptibility to wind erosion.

Yéréré experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and low humidity. This period sees the worst air quality due to increased dust resuspension from agricultural activities, unpaved roads, and Harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara Desert. January to March are particularly challenging months, with reduced visibility and increased respiratory irritation. The transition to the wet season, around June, brings a temporary improvement as rainfall suppresses dust. However, the increased humidity can also promote mould growth, potentially affecting indoor air quality. The wet season, lasting from June to October, generally offers the best air quality, though localised flooding can exacerbate the spread of waterborne pathogens. August and September, the peak of the rainy season, are generally the most favourable for outdoor activity. However, increased biomass burning for land preparation after the rains can lead to short-term spikes in particulate matter. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and be mindful of potential indoor air quality issues during the wet season.