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Bankoumana, situated in the Koulikoro region of Mali, occupies a position within the Sahelian savanna belt, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and the more humid Sudanian savanna to the south. Located at coordinates 12.4214, -7.6075, the city’s terrain is generally flat to gently undulating, characteristic of the inland Niger River basin. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Bankoumana isn’t directly on the Niger River, but lies within its broader influence, benefitting from seasonal flooding that supports surrounding agricultural lands. The urban character is predominantly rural, with a population of 21,714, indicating a strong agricultural base and limited heavy industry. However, increasing urbanization and associated activities like charcoal production and vehicle emissions are becoming factors. The surrounding landscape is dominated by grasslands, scattered trees, and small-scale farms. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; as one moves away from the city centre, agricultural activity and open burning of vegetation become more prevalent, directly impacting local air quality. Dust from the Sahara, carried by Harmattan winds, is a significant contributor to particulate matter concentrations, particularly during the dry season. This geographical setting creates a unique challenge for maintaining clean air.

Bankoumana experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and the prevalence of Harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. These winds carry substantial amounts of dust, dramatically increasing particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) levels. January to March are typically the months with the poorest air quality due to this dust influx. The lack of rainfall during this period also means pollutants have less chance of being washed away. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief. Rainfall suppresses dust and washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mold and allergens. August and September, while offering cleaner air, can experience localized pollution from agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the next planting season. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak dust periods (Jan-Mar) and be mindful of agricultural burning in the wet season.