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Boro, situated in the Koulikoro Region of Mali (coordinates 14.0152° N, -7.5121° W), occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian zone. The town lies on a gently undulating plain, characteristic of the wider Inner Niger Delta, a region shaped by the annual flooding of the Niger River. This proximity to the river, while providing vital water resources for agriculture and human consumption, also influences local air quality dynamics. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savanna, transitioning to semi-arid scrubland further from the river's influence. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 200 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Boro’s urban character is that of a small market town, primarily serving the agricultural communities in the surrounding area. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural fields and small villages blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Boro; however, agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues after harvest, represent a localized source of particulate matter. The regional position, within a zone experiencing increasing desertification and climate variability, further complicates air quality management, as dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert can frequently impact the area, carrying fine particulate matter across vast distances. The flat terrain limits natural dispersion of pollutants, making Boro susceptible to localized air quality degradation.

Boro’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical savanna climate, characterized by a pronounced wet and dry season. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, presents the greatest air quality challenges. During these months, reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to increased dust levels, both locally generated from agricultural lands and transported from the Sahara. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. Wind speeds are generally lower during this period, further hindering dispersion. The months of February and March often experience peak dust events, coinciding with the Harmattan wind, a dry, dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity helps to settle dust. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from inundated areas. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the transition periods (May and November), trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during dust storm events. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential flooding is advised. Agricultural burning, a common practice at the end of the harvest season (typically October/November), can significantly degrade air quality in localized areas, so avoiding proximity to fields during this time is recommended.