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Kambila, situated in the Koulikoro Region of Mali, lies at approximately 12.7931°N latitude and 8.1050°W longitude. The city’s geography is characteristic of the Sahelian zone, a transitional region between the Sahara Desert to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. Kambila is positioned on relatively flat terrain, typical of the inland Niger River basin, with an elevation generally below 300 meters. This low-lying landscape contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savanna woodland, interspersed with agricultural lands dedicated to millet, sorghum, and cotton cultivation. The proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of agricultural residue – a common practice. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, Kambila’s location within the Niger River basin means it is influenced by regional humidity patterns. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Kambila serves as a market town and administrative centre for surrounding rural communities. There are no significant industrial belts within Kambila itself, but regional transport routes passing through the town contribute to vehicular emissions. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities are also significant local contributors to air pollution.

Kambila experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and low humidity. This period sees a peak in particulate matter pollution, driven by dust mobilization from the Sahara, agricultural burning, and increased use of diesel generators due to limited electricity access. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara, exacerbate dust levels, particularly between December and February. Outdoor activity should be minimized during these months, especially for those with respiratory conditions. The transition to the wet season, around June, brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall suppresses dust and washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting indoor air quality. The wet season, lasting until October, generally offers the best air quality, though localized pollution from biomass burning for cooking and waste disposal remains a concern. August and September, with consistent rainfall, are the most favourable months for outdoor activities. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should remain vigilant even during the wet season, monitoring for symptoms and limiting exposure during periods of heavy agricultural activity.