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Sébékoro, nestled within the Koulikoro Region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position along the Niger River’s floodplain. Located at approximately 13.4669° latitude and -7.7881° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Sahelian zone. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of savanna grasslands, interspersed with acacia woodlands and agricultural fields, reflecting the region’s semi-arid climate. The Niger River, a vital artery for both transportation and irrigation, exerts a considerable influence on the local microclimate, contributing to localized humidity and potential fog formation, particularly during the transition seasons. Sébékoro’s urban character is that of a small, developing settlement, primarily reliant on agriculture and limited local trade. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town quickly blends into the surrounding agricultural lands and savanna. While Sébékoro itself lacks significant industrial zones, its proximity to larger agricultural areas means that agricultural practices, including burning of crop residue after harvest, can contribute to localized air pollution events. The elevation is low, generally below 200 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, especially during periods of atmospheric stability. The regional position, far from major urban centers, initially suggests lower overall pollution levels, but local factors like agricultural practices and seasonal weather patterns play a crucial role in determining air quality.

Sébékoro’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and reduced rainfall. This period often sees a build-up of particulate matter due to agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal. The lack of rainfall and prevailing winds during this time can lead to stagnant air conditions, potentially trapping pollutants close to the ground. Dust storms, a frequent occurrence in the Sahel, are also more common during the dry season, significantly impacting air quality and visibility. The wet season, from June to October, brings a welcome respite. Increased rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can release mould spores and other allergens into the air. Fog, often forming along the Niger River due to the high humidity, can also temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. The transition months (May/June and October/November) are particularly challenging, with unstable atmospheric conditions and fluctuating wind patterns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak burning periods and dust storms. During the wet season, those with allergies should be mindful of potential mould exposure following flooding events. Overall, the dry season presents the greatest air quality challenges for Sébékoro’s residents.