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Tyèlè, nestled within the Koulikoro Region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position along the Niger River’s floodplain. Located at approximately 12.3036° latitude and -7.5658° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Sahelian zone. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of savanna grasslands, dotted with acacia trees and interspersed with agricultural fields – primarily cultivating millet, sorghum, and maize. The Niger River, a vital artery for both transportation and irrigation, exerts a considerable influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The urban character of Tyèlè is that of a small, rural settlement, with limited industrial activity. The nearest significant industrial zones are located further downstream along the Niger River, potentially contributing to occasional transboundary pollution events. The urban-rural gradient transitions rapidly from the town’s periphery into extensive agricultural lands and then into the broader savanna ecosystem. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 200 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The proximity to the river also introduces humidity, which can affect the dispersion of particulate matter. The region's semi-arid climate, with its distinct wet and dry seasons, plays a crucial role in shaping the local air quality profile, influencing dust emissions and the prevalence of biomass burning.

Tyèlè’s air quality follows a predictable seasonal pattern dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, spanning roughly from November to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Characterized by minimal rainfall and persistent sunshine, this period is prone to elevated dust levels. Strong, dry winds frequently sweep across the Sahel, lifting fine particulate matter from agricultural fields and exposed soil. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of December and January, can trap pollutants near the ground, further degrading air quality. Biomass burning, associated with agricultural practices like land clearing and crop residue disposal, also contributes significantly to particulate pollution during this time. The wet season, from June to October, brings a welcome respite. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity can help to suppress dust emissions. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to localised flooding, potentially releasing mould spores and other allergens into the air. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the transition months (May and November), trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak dust events. During the wet season, while generally cleaner, those with allergies should remain vigilant for potential mould exposure following heavy rainfall.