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Boki-Wéré, situated in the Ségou Region of Mali, lies at approximately 14.0106°N latitude and 5.6033°W longitude. This location places it within the Sahelian zone, a transitional ecosystem between the Sahara Desert to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. The terrain is generally flat, characteristic of the Inner Niger Delta, with a subtle slope towards the Niger River, which is a crucial geographical feature influencing the region. Boki-Wéré’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The city’s urban character is defined by a blend of traditional mud-brick architecture and more modern construction, reflecting its growth as a regional market centre. Surrounding Boki-Wéré are extensive agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to rain-fed farming of millet, sorghum, and rice, alongside pastoral activities. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp, with agricultural activity immediately bordering the city limits. Dust from agricultural practices and unpaved roads is a significant contributor to particulate matter. The proximity to the Niger River offers some moisture, but also potential for localised humidity-related pollution events. Limited industrial activity within Boki-Wéré itself means that regional transport and agricultural emissions are the dominant pollution sources. The prevailing winds, influenced by the Harmattan and monsoon patterns, play a key role in pollutant transport.

Air quality in Boki-Wéré follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of the Harmattan winds and the West African Monsoon. The dry season, roughly November to May, witnesses the most challenging conditions. The Harmattan, a dry and dusty trade wind originating from the Sahara, carries substantial amounts of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) southward, significantly degrading air quality. January and February are typically the months with the poorest visibility and highest dust concentrations. During this period, individuals with respiratory conditions should limit outdoor exertion. The transition to the wet season, around June, brings a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated dust. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and other biological pollutants. The peak of the wet season, July to September, generally offers the cleanest air, though localised flooding can exacerbate the spread of waterborne pathogens. October sees a gradual return to drier conditions and a corresponding increase in dust levels. Fog formation during cooler mornings in the transition seasons can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localised pockets of poor air quality. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak Harmattan months and ensuring good ventilation during the wet season are crucial for maintaining respiratory health.