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Boussé, situated in the Ségou Region of Mali, occupies a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the Niger River’s Inner Delta. Located at approximately 13.5069°N latitude and 5.9362°W longitude, the city’s geography is profoundly shaped by its proximity to the Niger River, a vital lifeline but also a potential conduit for sediment and agricultural runoff. The surrounding landscape is dominated by floodplains and seasonally inundated grasslands, transitioning to more arid savanna further inland. Boussé’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The urban character is largely defined by a rural-urban gradient, with significant agricultural activity – primarily rice cultivation and livestock rearing – occurring within and around the city limits. This agricultural presence introduces particulate matter from land preparation, harvesting, and animal husbandry. While Boussé isn’t a major industrial hub, small-scale processing of agricultural products and local artisanal activities contribute to localised emissions. Dust from unpaved roads is a significant factor, exacerbated by the dry climate and seasonal winds. The city’s position within the delta means it experiences regular flooding, which can redistribute pollutants and impact water quality, indirectly affecting air quality through evaporation and aerosol formation. The lack of substantial topographical features hinders natural ventilation, trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather.

Air quality in Boussé follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of the wet and dry seasons. The dry season, roughly from November to May, witnesses the poorest air quality. This is due to increased dust resuspension from unpaved roads and agricultural fields, coupled with a lack of rainfall to cleanse the atmosphere. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, further exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. January and February are typically the months with the highest levels of airborne dust. The transition to the wet season, beginning around June, brings a noticeable improvement. Rainfall suppresses dust and washes pollutants from the air, leading to clearer conditions. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mold and mildew, potentially triggering respiratory issues. August and September, the peak of the rainy season, generally offer the best air quality. As the wet season wanes, and the dry season approaches, air quality gradually deteriorates again. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly on windy days. Wearing masks can provide some protection.