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Mandiakui, nestled within the Ségou Region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position along the Niger River’s floodplain. Located at approximately 13.0197° latitude and -4.4644° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Sahelian zone. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of savanna grasslands, interspersed with gallery forests lining the Niger River and its tributaries. This riverine environment is crucial for both agriculture and local livelihoods, with extensive cultivation of crops like millet, sorghum, and maize occurring in the fertile alluvial soils. Mandiakui’s proximity to the Niger River influences local humidity and temperature, creating a microclimate distinct from more arid areas further inland. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, the town’s location within a broader agricultural belt means that agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues after harvest, can contribute to localized air pollution. The urban–rural gradient around Mandiakui is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 200 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The relatively open savanna landscape generally allows for good dispersion of pollutants, but seasonal variations in wind patterns and the prevalence of dust storms can significantly impact air quality. The town’s position within the wider Ségou region, a key agricultural hub, means that regional agricultural activities have a bearing on Mandiakui’s air quality profile.

Mandiakui’s air quality is dictated by the region’s distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During this period, reduced rainfall and increased temperatures lead to a build-up of dust and particulate matter. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, frequently sweep across the region, carrying fine dust particles that dramatically reduce visibility and impact respiratory health. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal, intensifies during the dry season, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air, can also occur, further hindering pollutant dispersion. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and dilutes pollutants. Increased humidity also helps to suppress dust generation. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to flooding, which can release mould spores and other allergens into the air. The months of February and March are generally the most challenging for air quality due to the peak of Harmattan winds and agricultural burning. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies should be mindful of potential mould exposure following heavy rainfall. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air filtration can be beneficial throughout the year, particularly during the dry season’s dust events.