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Niasso, a town within the Ségou Region of Mali, is situated at approximately 13.2008°N latitude and 5.0403°W longitude. The town’s geography is characteristic of the Inner Niger Delta, a flat, alluvial plain formed by the Niger River. Elevation is low, generally below 200 meters, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Niasso is positioned within a predominantly agricultural zone, heavily reliant on rain-fed farming, particularly rice cultivation. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of floodplains, *dembos* (seasonal wetlands), and patches of woodland vegetation. The Niger River, a crucial waterway and source of livelihood, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised fog formation. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Niasso itself is a small settlement, quickly transitioning to rural farmland. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly during the dry season, is a significant factor. Limited industrial activity within Niasso itself means that regional transport and larger agricultural processing centres elsewhere in the Ségou Region are more likely sources of long-range pollutant transport. The flat terrain and limited windbreaks exacerbate the potential for pollutant accumulation, especially during periods of calm weather. This geographical setting presents unique challenges for maintaining good air quality.

Niasso experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and low humidity. This period sees a significant increase in particulate matter pollution, primarily due to dust resuspension from agricultural land preparation, bush fires (often for land clearing), and increased road traffic. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara, further exacerbate dust levels, particularly between December and February. Outdoor activity should be limited during peak dust events. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief from dust, as rainfall effectively suppresses particulate matter. However, increased humidity can promote mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. While overall pollutant concentrations are lower during the wet season, localised flooding can lead to the spread of waterborne pathogens and increased dampness in homes. September and October, towards the end of the rainy season, can see a resurgence of dust as land dries. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should take extra precautions during the dry season, including wearing masks and limiting strenuous outdoor activity. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the north and northeast typically bring the highest dust concentrations.