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Ségoubougou, nestled within the Ségou Region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position along the Niger River’s floodplain. Located at approximately 13.3481° latitude and -6.3889° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Sahelian zone. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of fertile agricultural lands, dominated by cotton and cereal crops, interspersed with savanna grasslands and the meandering Niger River itself. This proximity to the river, while providing vital irrigation and transportation routes, also introduces potential sources of localized air pollution from agricultural practices and occasional riverine events. The urban–rural gradient around Ségoubougou is gradual; the town blends seamlessly into the agricultural landscape, with small villages and farming communities extending outwards. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 20 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate air pollution episodes as there is limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The region’s climate is semi-arid, influencing vegetation patterns and soil composition. While there are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Ségoubougou, the broader Ségou region experiences some processing of agricultural products, potentially contributing to localized emissions. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by the Harmattan wind during the dry season, play a crucial role in how pollutants are distributed within and around the town, impacting air quality for residents.

Ségoubougou’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, roughly from November to May, typically sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely due to the prevalence of Harmattan winds, which blow dust and sand from the Sahara Desert, significantly reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants closer to the ground, further worsening air quality. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, also contributes significantly to pollution during this period, particularly in March and April. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and dilutes pollutants. However, heavy downpours can occasionally stir up dust and mud, creating temporary localized issues. Humidity increases, which can exacerbate respiratory conditions for some individuals. The months of February and March are generally the most challenging for air quality, demanding heightened awareness and precautions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods and consider using face masks. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, vigilance regarding potential mold growth in damp environments is advised. The intensity of the monsoon influences the frequency and duration of periods with cleaner air.