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Sibila, nestled within the Ségou Region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position along the Niger River’s floodplain. Located at approximately 13.7775° latitude and -5.8781° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Sahelian zone. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of savanna grasslands, interspersed with gallery forests lining the Niger River and its tributaries. This riverine environment is crucial for both agriculture and local livelihoods, with extensive cultivation of millet, sorghum, and maize occurring in the fertile alluvial soils. The urban character of Sibila is that of a small market town, primarily serving the agricultural hinterland. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the town’s core to the surrounding agricultural fields and savanna. While Sibila itself lacks significant heavy industry, its proximity to larger agricultural zones means that agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues after harvest, can contribute to localized air pollution. The elevation is low, generally below 200 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The Niger River’s influence moderates temperatures somewhat, but the prevailing dry, hot climate contributes to increased evaporation and dust generation, impacting air quality. The town’s location within the broader Sahelian belt means it is susceptible to transboundary dust events originating from the Sahara Desert, further influencing particulate matter concentrations.

Sibila’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical savanna climate. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, presents the most challenging conditions. Characterized by intense sunshine, high temperatures, and minimal rainfall, this period sees a significant increase in particulate matter pollution. The lack of rain means dust generated from agricultural activities, vehicle movement on unpaved roads, and windblown soil remains suspended in the air for extended periods. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening air quality. Conversely, the wet season (May to October) brings a period of relative improvement. The onset of the monsoon rains effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, reducing particulate matter concentrations. Increased humidity also helps to settle dust. However, the wet season isn’t entirely benign; periods of intense rainfall can lead to flooding, which can release mould spores and other allergens into the air. The months of March and April, marking the transition from dry to wet season, often experience high dust levels due to strong, dry winds preceding the rains. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak afternoon heat and dust events. During the wet season, those with allergies should be mindful of potential mould exposure following heavy rainfall.