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Souba, a town within the Ségou Region of Mali, is situated at approximately 13.4125°N latitude and 6.5953°W longitude. The town’s location is characteristic of the Inner Niger Delta, a flat, floodable plain dominated by the Niger River and its intricate network of seasonal streams and *dambos* (shallow depressions). The terrain is largely alluvial, composed of sediment deposited over millennia, resulting in low elevation and poor drainage. Souba’s urban character is typical of many Malian towns – a relatively dispersed settlement pattern with a central market area and surrounding residential zones. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah grassland, interspersed with agricultural fields, particularly rice paddies, reflecting the region’s reliance on the Niger River for irrigation. The urban-rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activity extending almost directly into the town’s periphery. This proximity to agricultural land, while vital for livelihoods, contributes to seasonal dust and biomass burning emissions. The lack of significant industrial development within Souba itself means that local air quality is less impacted by industrial pollutants, but regional transport of pollutants from larger urban centres and trans-Saharan dust events are significant factors. The flat topography and limited windbreaks can exacerbate pollutant concentrations, particularly during periods of calm weather.

Souba experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and low humidity. This period sees the highest pollution levels, driven by widespread agricultural burning to clear fields for the next planting season, and increased dust resuspension due to dry conditions and wind. Harmattan winds, carrying significant amounts of Saharan dust, further degrade air quality during December to February. January and February are typically the months when outdoor activity should be minimized, especially for those with respiratory conditions. The onset of the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall suppresses dust and washes away some pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote mold growth, potentially impacting indoor air quality. July to September sees the highest rainfall, offering the cleanest air, though localized flooding can create stagnant water and breeding grounds for disease vectors. October marks a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return to drier conditions and increasing pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should take extra precautions during the dry season, limiting outdoor exposure and using appropriate respiratory protection when necessary.