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Kifosso, situated in the Sikasso Region of Mali (coordinates 12.5014° N, -4.8992° W), occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian zone. The town’s location, approximately 330 kilometers southeast of Bamako, the national capital, places it within a transitional landscape between the more fertile southern regions and the drier, more arid expanse of the north. The surrounding terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, punctuated by occasional rocky outcrops and sparse vegetation typical of the Sahel. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 250 meters above sea level, contributing to a stable atmospheric layer that can, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. Kifosso’s proximity to the Bani River, a major tributary of the Niger River, influences local humidity and temperature patterns, though its direct impact on air quality is less pronounced than broader regional factors. The area is predominantly agricultural, with extensive millet, sorghum, and maize cultivation dominating the landscape. This agricultural activity, coupled with traditional farming practices involving burning vegetation, represents a significant potential source of particulate matter. A gradual urban–rural gradient exists, with Kifosso serving as a local market town and administrative center, drawing in rural populations and generating localized commercial activity. The lack of extensive heavy industry minimizes industrial emissions, but the reliance on wood for fuel and cooking, particularly in rural households surrounding Kifosso, remains a key factor influencing air quality, especially during the dry season.

Kifosso’s air quality is inextricably linked to its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, creating a drier environment conducive to dust generation from agricultural fields and unpaved roads. Wind patterns during this period, often influenced by the Harmattan wind blowing from the Sahara, can transport significant quantities of dust and particulate matter over long distances, impacting Kifosso’s air. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are also more frequent during the dry season, hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near ground level. Burning of agricultural residues after harvest, a common practice, further exacerbates particulate pollution. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and pollutants, and increased humidity helps to suppress dust generation. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to localized flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from stagnant water sources. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler mornings in the early wet season, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak dust events and ensuring adequate ventilation in homes. The months of February and March often experience the highest dust concentrations, making them periods to avoid strenuous outdoor exertion.