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Zébala, situated in the Sikasso region of Mali at coordinates 12.3114, -5.1533, is a town embedded within the Sudanese savanna belt. The terrain is generally flat to gently undulating, characteristic of this part of West Africa, with an elevation hovering around 300-400 meters above sea level. This relatively low elevation contributes to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The town’s location isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though seasonal streams and smaller tributaries are present, influencing local humidity and dust levels. Zébala functions as a regional market centre, serving a predominantly agricultural hinterland. Surrounding the town are extensive fields of cotton, maize, and millet, with associated agricultural practices – including seasonal burning of crop residue – being a significant source of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Zébala itself is a relatively small settlement, quickly transitioning to rural farmland. The lack of substantial industrial activity within Zébala itself doesn’t preclude regional influences; dust from larger agricultural processing areas further afield, and trans-Saharan dust transport, contribute to the overall air quality profile. The prevailing winds, influenced by the Harmattan, can carry significant dust plumes southward, impacting Zébala’s air.

Zébala experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterized by consistently poor air quality. The Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, bring substantial amounts of dust and particulate matter, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. January and February are typically the dustiest months, making outdoor activity particularly challenging for those with asthma or other respiratory sensitivities. Temperatures peak during April and May, increasing ground-level ozone formation, though this is less pronounced than in more industrialized areas. The onset of the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall washes away dust and suppresses particulate matter. However, increased humidity can also promote mold growth, potentially triggering allergies. July to September sees the highest rainfall, offering the clearest air, though localized flooding can create stagnant water, fostering mosquito breeding. As the dry season returns in October, air quality deteriorates again. Sensitive individuals should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and consider using masks when dust levels are high. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for anticipating air quality fluctuations.