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Dzitbalché, a municipality nestled within the state of Campeche in Mexico, occupies a relatively flat portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. Located at approximately 20.3167°N latitude and -90.0500°W longitude, the city’s geography is characterized by dense tropical forest, typical of the region, transitioning into agricultural lands primarily dedicated to corn, beans, and citrus fruits. The terrain is predominantly limestone-based, contributing to the area’s karst topography with cenotes (sinkholes) scattered throughout. Dzitbalché isn’t directly on the coast, lying roughly 60 kilometers inland from the Gulf of Mexico, but is significantly influenced by the Gulf’s humid air masses. This inland position buffers it from direct marine pollution but doesn’t eliminate the transport of airborne particles. The urban character is that of a small, developing city, with a clear urban-rural gradient as it blends into the surrounding agricultural landscape. There are no major industrial belts within Dzitbalché itself, however, regional agricultural practices, including slash-and-burn techniques historically used for land clearing, contribute to seasonal particulate matter. The lack of significant elevation and frequent temperature inversions can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating local air quality issues, particularly during the dry season. The surrounding landscape acts as a limited natural filter, but its effectiveness is reduced by deforestation and agricultural expansion.

Dzitbalché experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically from February to May, sees a concentration of particulate matter due to increased dust from agricultural activities and potential burning for land preparation. Lower humidity and stable atmospheric conditions contribute to reduced dispersion of pollutants. This is generally the least favourable time for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory sensitivities. The onset of the wet season in June brings relief, with rainfall effectively washing away accumulated particles and increasing humidity, which suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants at ground level. July through October are generally better for air quality, though localized burning can still occur. November to January represents a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual build-up of particulate matter. During these months, monitoring local agricultural practices is crucial. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and pay attention to local reports of burning. Fog, common during the cooler months, can also exacerbate respiratory issues by trapping pollutants.