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Jaltenango, nestled within the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 15.87°N, -92.72°W and an elevation of around 1,700 meters (5,577 feet) above sea level. This altitude immediately influences air quality, often leading to cooler temperatures and a tendency for temperature inversions, particularly during the drier months. The city’s landscape is dominated by rolling hills and valleys, characteristic of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas mountain range. Surrounding Jaltenango is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to maize, coffee, and bean cultivation – a vital component of the regional economy. This agricultural activity, while essential, contributes to localized particulate matter, especially during planting and harvesting seasons when soil disturbance is high. The urban fabric of Jaltenango is relatively compact, reflecting its small population of roughly 11,875. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with small farming communities blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. While Jaltenango lacks major industrial zones within its immediate vicinity, it benefits from proximity to larger regional centers like Tapachula, which could potentially influence air quality through transported pollutants. The lack of significant surface water bodies nearby means humidity levels are generally low, which can exacerbate particulate matter dispersion and influence the formation of fog, further impacting air quality. The terrain’s topography creates localized microclimates, influencing wind patterns and pollutant accumulation.

Jaltenango’s tropical highland climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, presents the greatest air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, hindering the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Furthermore, the prevalence of temperature inversions during these months traps pollutants near the ground, intensifying their concentration. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period, particularly in January and February. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally washing away pollutants and improving air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to soil erosion and increased dust levels, temporarily degrading air quality. Fog, common during the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. During the transition months (April/May and October/November), wind patterns are often variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, especially in the mornings when temperature inversions are strongest. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Awareness of agricultural burning practices and their potential impact is crucial for minimizing exposure.