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Sabinas, Coahuila, nestled in northeastern Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Monterrey metropolitan area's influence. Located at approximately 27.9167° N, 101.3000° W and an elevation of around 450 meters (1,476 feet) above sea level, the city sits within the rugged Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. This terrain creates a natural basin, which, while offering some protection from prevailing winds, can also trap pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mix of semi-arid scrubland, agricultural fields (primarily maize and sorghum), and increasingly, industrial zones linked to the larger Monterrey economic hub. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with small farming communities and ranching operations dotting the hillsides surrounding Sabinas. The Río Sabinas, from which the city derives its name, flows nearby, providing a limited source of moisture and influencing local microclimates. The city’s proximity to industrial belts in Monterrey, particularly those focused on steel, petrochemicals, and manufacturing, means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution events. The region’s geology, with exposed sedimentary rock formations, can also contribute to dust emissions, especially during dry periods. The basin topography, combined with the regional climate, creates conditions that can exacerbate air quality challenges, making understanding local meteorological patterns crucial for effective pollution management.

Sabinas experiences a semi-arid climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from March to June, is characterized by high temperatures, low humidity, and infrequent rainfall. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric washout and increased photochemical reactions. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap emissions close to the ground, leading to periods of stagnant air and elevated particulate matter. The summer months (July-September) bring the monsoon season, with sporadic but intense rainfall that can temporarily cleanse the atmosphere. However, heavy rainfall can also stir up dust and contribute to localized flooding, impacting air quality. Autumn (October-November) sees a gradual cooling and a decrease in rainfall, with a return to more stable atmospheric conditions, potentially leading to another period of pollutant accumulation. Winter (December-February) is generally the coldest and driest period, with frequent fog formation, particularly in the mornings. This fog can trap pollutants, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of fog and stagnant air, particularly in the mornings and evenings. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding rural areas, can also contribute to seasonal spikes in air pollution, especially during the transition periods between seasons. Careful monitoring and public health advisories are essential to mitigate the impacts of these seasonal variations.