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Manzanillo, Colima, nestled on Mexico’s Pacific coast, occupies a geographically complex and strategically important position. Situated at approximately 19° latitude north and 104° longitude west, the city’s coordinates place it within a subtropical climate zone, heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean. The terrain is dramatically varied, transitioning from steep, forested hills and mountains inland to a relatively flat coastal plain fringed by extensive bays and inlets – a characteristic that defines Manzanillo’s identity as a major port city. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range, which significantly impacts local weather patterns and air circulation. The city’s elevation ranges from sea level along the coast to several hundred meters inland, creating localized microclimates. Manzanillo’s proximity to the Bahía de Manzanillo and Bahía de Santiago provides crucial maritime access, supporting a bustling port that handles significant cargo traffic. While primarily a tourism and fishing hub, the region also features agricultural zones cultivating crops like mangoes, avocados, and coffee, contributing to localized emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; beyond the city limits, the landscape quickly reverts to agricultural fields and dense tropical forests. This interplay of coastal location, mountainous terrain, and agricultural activity creates a unique setting where air quality is susceptible to both marine influences and terrestrial sources, particularly during periods of stagnant air or altered wind patterns. The port’s operations and vehicular traffic within the city itself are also key contributors to local air pollution.

Manzanillo experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and lower humidity. While sunshine is abundant, this period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and weaker wind patterns. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap emissions close to the ground, exacerbating air quality concerns. The port’s activity intensifies during this time, contributing to particulate matter and nitrogen oxide levels. Conversely, the wet season (May to October) brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and dispersing pollutants. Monsoon-like conditions, particularly during August and September, often result in strong winds that effectively flush out accumulated contaminants. Fog, while less frequent than rain, can also temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants in localized areas. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although heavy rainfall can still impact visibility and accessibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air or noticeable haze. Agricultural burning, a practice sometimes employed during the transition months, can also contribute to temporary spikes in air pollution. The interplay of these meteorological factors dictates a fluctuating air quality landscape throughout the year, demanding adaptive strategies for public health and environmental management.