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Ciudad Lerdo, nestled in the state of Durango, Mexico, occupies a strategic position within the Comarca Lagunera, a fertile agricultural region straddling the states of Durango and Coahuila. Located at approximately 25.55° N, 103.52° W and an elevation of roughly 1,150 meters (3,773 feet) above sea level, the city benefits from a semi-arid climate influenced by the surrounding high desert plateau. The landscape is characterized by expansive plains, punctuated by mesas and gently sloping hills, a legacy of ancient river systems. To the east lies the Ramos River, providing a vital water source for agriculture and the city itself, though its influence on local air quality is generally minimal. The Comarca Lagunera is a significant agricultural belt, with extensive cultivation of wheat, corn, and sorghum, contributing to potential particulate matter emissions from farming practices. Beyond the immediate agricultural zone, the terrain rises gradually towards the Sierra Madre Occidental to the west, creating a topographical bowl that can, under certain meteorological conditions, trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with small farming communities and ranchlands surrounding Lerdo. The city’s proximity to Torreón, a larger industrial hub approximately 30 kilometers to the north, introduces a potential source of industrial air pollution, though the distance mitigates direct impacts. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, depending on atmospheric stability.

Lerdo’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its semi-arid climate. The dry season, typically spanning from October through April, presents the greatest air quality challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to increased dust levels, particularly from agricultural activities like tilling and harvesting. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of winter, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the issue. March and April often see peak particulate matter concentrations as farmers prepare fields for planting. The wet season, from May to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and pollutants. However, sporadic thunderstorms can briefly elevate ozone levels due to photochemical reactions. June and July are generally the most humid months, which can help to suppress dust. The summer months also see increased convective activity, which can disperse pollutants. October marks a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and increasing wind speeds, often leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly on days with high wind or when agricultural activities are intense. Limiting outdoor exertion during the early morning and late afternoon, when temperature inversions are most likely, is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can also provide significant protection.