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Acatlán, nestled within the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, occupies a geographically complex position at coordinates 20.1444, -98.4383. The city is situated within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, a region characterized by rugged terrain and significant altitudinal variation. Acatlán itself lies at an elevation of approximately 2,280 meters (7,480 feet), influencing its climate and air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by mountains and valleys, typical of the Sierra Madre Oriental foothills. This topography creates localized microclimates and can trap pollutants, hindering their dispersion. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city is within a watershed feeding into regional river systems. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Acatlán is a smaller city surrounded by predominantly agricultural lands, primarily maize and bean cultivation. Limited industrial activity exists within Acatlán itself, but regional transport routes passing through the area contribute to emissions. Dust from agricultural practices and unpaved roads also impacts local air quality. The city’s location within a valley, combined with the mountainous terrain, means that temperature inversions are common, exacerbating pollution episodes. The prevailing winds play a crucial role in pollutant transport, often channeling air masses through the valley.

Acatlán experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from November to May, sees consistently lower rainfall and increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands and roads. This period often coincides with higher concentrations of particulate matter, particularly PM10, impacting respiratory health. January and February are generally the months with the poorest air quality due to stagnant air masses and temperature inversions trapping pollutants. The onset of the wet season in June brings relief, with rainfall effectively scavenging pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. July and August, the peak of the rainy season, generally offer the best air quality. September and October see a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual increase in particulate matter. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in January and February. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, monitoring for mold and fungal spores is advisable. Local agricultural burning, common after harvest, can cause short-term spikes in pollution regardless of the season.