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Atlapexco, Hidalgo, nestled within the heart of Mexico’s central highlands, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 21.0221° N, 98.3543° W and an elevation of around 2,150 meters (7,050 feet) above sea level, the city sits within a basin-like valley carved by the Atlapexco River. This topography inherently limits atmospheric dispersion, a crucial factor in air quality dynamics. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to maize and bean cultivation, interspersed with patches of pine and oak forest at higher elevations. The region’s proximity to the industrialized Bajío region, particularly the urban sprawl of Pachuca and the industrial corridor extending towards Mexico City, introduces external pollution sources. While Atlapexco itself is a relatively small municipality with a population of just under 20,000, its location along transportation routes connecting these larger centers means it’s susceptible to transboundary pollution. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural fields and forested slopes. The valley’s enclosed nature, combined with the prevailing wind patterns which often exhibit diurnal cycles, creates conditions conducive to the accumulation of pollutants, especially during periods of atmospheric stability. The river itself, while a source of water, can also contribute to localized humidity, influencing the formation of fog and impacting pollutant behavior. The surrounding volcanic soils, characteristic of the region, can also influence the deposition of particulate matter.

Atlapexco’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical highland climate. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, presents the greatest air quality challenges. During these months, reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to atmospheric stability, frequently leading to temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating existing emissions from local sources like residential wood burning for heating and cooking, as well as vehicular traffic. The lack of precipitation means there’s minimal cleansing of the atmosphere through rainfall washout. March and April often experience increased dust from agricultural activities, further degrading air quality. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief as increased rainfall and higher humidity help to disperse pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and the suspension of particulate matter, temporarily impacting air quality. Fog, common during the cooler months (December-February), further restricts visibility and traps pollutants. The months of January and February are generally the most challenging for outdoor activity, particularly for individuals with respiratory sensitivities. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, localized flooding can release mold spores and other allergens, impacting those with allergies. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during the dry season and be mindful of potential allergen triggers during the wet season.