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Tepeji del Río de Ocampo, nestled in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the central Mexican highlands. Located at coordinates 19.9039° N, -99.3414° W, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 2,280 meters (7,480 feet) above sea level. This high altitude contributes to lower oxygen levels and can exacerbate the effects of air pollutants. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, with remnants of volcanic activity visible in the terrain. The city is situated near the Tula River, a crucial water source but also a potential pathway for pollutant dispersion. A significant portion of the surrounding area is dedicated to agriculture, particularly maize and maguey cultivation, with associated agricultural practices potentially contributing to particulate matter. Tepeji del Río is experiencing a gradual urban-rural gradient as the city expands, leading to increased vehicular traffic and construction. Its proximity to the larger industrial hub of Tula, Hidalgo, approximately 30km to the west, is a key factor influencing air quality, as prevailing winds can carry industrial emissions towards Tepeji. The city’s topography, with limited natural ventilation in certain areas, can trap pollutants, particularly during temperature inversions.

Air quality in Tepeji del Río de Ocampo follows a distinct seasonal pattern largely dictated by the region’s wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically from November to May, sees a marked increase in particulate matter due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities and construction. February and March are often the worst months, with stable atmospheric conditions and limited wind dispersal. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler mornings of these months, trap pollutants near the ground. The wet season, spanning June to October, generally brings improved air quality as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, localized flooding can disrupt transportation, leading to increased idling of vehicles and localized emissions. August and September, while wetter, can experience periods of stagnant air. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the mornings. During the wet season, while overall air quality is better, monitoring for potential mold growth indoors is advisable. Wind patterns, predominantly from the northwest, play a crucial role in transporting pollutants from the industrial areas towards Tepeji, particularly during the dry season.