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Tezontepec de Aldama, nestled in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, occupies a strategically important position within the semi-arid central Mexican highlands. Located at approximately 19.88° N, 98.82° W, and an elevation of around 2,150 meters (7,050 feet) above sea level, the city’s geography significantly influences its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, part of the broader Sierra de Pachuca range, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Tezontepec sits within a transitional zone between the densely populated urban sprawl of Mexico City (approximately 100 km to the southwest) and the more rural agricultural lands of Hidalgo. This proximity to a major metropolitan area means it is susceptible to long-range transport of pollutants. The region’s terrain, with its enclosed valleys, contributes to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of calm winds. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the nearby Tepezcingo River provides some regional humidity, which can affect particulate matter deposition. The dominant land use in the immediate vicinity is a mix of small-scale agriculture – maize and beans are common – and residential areas, with some light industrial activity present. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural fields quickly giving way to the built environment, creating a potential for localized emissions from both sources. The elevated altitude also impacts atmospheric mixing, often leading to temperature inversions that exacerbate air pollution episodes.

Tezontepec’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and regional weather systems. The dry season, typically spanning from November through April, often presents the greatest air quality challenges. During these months, reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to a build-up of particulate matter, particularly dust and emissions from agricultural burning practices in surrounding areas. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler nights of this period, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The lack of wind further exacerbates this issue, limiting dispersion. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally helps to cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding and the release of pollutants from contaminated sites. Fog, common during the cooler months, can also significantly reduce visibility and trap pollutants. The months of February and March often see peak pollution levels due to agricultural activities and the prevalence of temperature inversions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring local air quality information. During the wetter months, while overall air quality tends to improve, localized pollution from agricultural runoff and industrial emissions should still be considered. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, especially during periods of elevated pollution.