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Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the central Mexican highlands, approximately 110 kilometers northeast of Mexico City. Situated at an elevation of 2,398 meters (7,897 feet) above sea level, the city experiences a pronounced altiplano climate, characterized by cool temperatures and significant diurnal temperature variations. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the rugged Sierra de Hidalgo mountain range, a portion of the broader Neovolcanic Belt, influencing local wind patterns and trapping pollutants. The terrain is undulating, with steep slopes and valleys, impacting urban development and creating microclimates. While Tlahuelilpan itself is a relatively small municipality, it sits within a region experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from agricultural lands – primarily maize and wheat cultivation – to more industrialized areas further south towards the greater Mexico City metropolitan area. The nearby El Cardonal oil pipeline, a critical infrastructure element, contributes to regional industrial activity and potential sources of air pollution. The absence of major surface water bodies within immediate proximity means rainfall is a crucial source of moisture, and its distribution significantly impacts local humidity and atmospheric stability. The city’s location within a basin-like topography, nestled amongst the mountains, can exacerbate air quality issues by limiting dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. This geographic setting makes Tlahuelilpan vulnerable to the impacts of regional pollution originating from Mexico City and surrounding industrial zones.

Tlahuelilpan’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its high-altitude climate and regional weather systems. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, reduced rainfall and increased sunshine lead to drier atmospheric conditions, fostering the formation of temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, preventing their vertical dispersion and resulting in elevated concentrations. The cooler nighttime temperatures during this period also contribute to the buildup of emissions from residential heating and industrial processes. Conversely, the wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere and disperse pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust events, temporarily impacting air quality. Wind patterns, often influenced by the surrounding mountains, are variable but generally weaker during the dry season, further hindering pollutant dispersal. Fog, common during the cooler months, can also exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants in a localized area. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air or fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding dust events remains important. The transition months of April and October represent periods of fluctuating air quality, requiring adaptive strategies based on prevailing weather conditions.