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Amatitán, Jalisco, nestled within the fertile highlands of western Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the Guadalajara metropolitan area. Located approximately 25 kilometers northeast of Guadalajara, Mexico’s second-largest city, Amatitán sits at an elevation of roughly 1,520 meters (4,987 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, part of the larger Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, influencing local wind patterns and air circulation. The municipality borders agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to agave cultivation – the raw material for tequila production – a dominant feature of the regional economy and a potential source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during processing. To the west lies the Lake Chapala basin, Mexico’s largest freshwater lake, which, while providing a regional water source, can also contribute to humidity and fog formation, impacting air quality under certain conditions. Amatitán’s urban character is primarily rural, with a relatively low population density, though its proximity to Guadalajara means it experiences increasing urbanization pressures and associated traffic-related emissions. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with denser settlements closer to Guadalajara gradually transitioning to more dispersed agricultural communities. The terrain, combined with the prevailing winds from the west, often channels pollutants from Guadalajara, impacting Amatitán’s air quality, particularly during periods of stagnant atmospheric conditions. The volcanic soil, while fertile, can also contribute to dust and particulate matter suspension during dry periods.

Amatitán’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical highland climate. The wet season, typically from June to September, brings increased rainfall and humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also trigger landslides and soil erosion, increasing dust levels. The dry season, from October to May, presents a more complex picture. November and December often see the onset of temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. This phenomenon, coupled with reduced wind speeds, can lead to stagnant air and elevated concentrations of pollutants, particularly those emitted from agricultural processing and vehicular traffic. January and February are often the most challenging months, with frequent fog formation further exacerbating the issue. March and April see a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, though dust from agricultural activities can still be a concern. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of fog or temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential flooding and landslides is advised. The agave harvest, concentrated during the dry season, can contribute to localized air quality issues due to emissions from distilleries. Careful monitoring of local weather conditions is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor exposure.