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Cuquío, Jalisco, nestled within the highlands of western Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Guadalajara metropolitan area. Located approximately 20 kilometers northwest of Guadalajara, the state capital, Cuquío’s coordinates (20.9290, -103.0229) place it at an elevation of roughly 1,550 meters (5,085 feet) above sea level. This altitude contributes to cooler temperatures compared to lower-lying areas and influences atmospheric stability, a key factor in air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and agricultural land, primarily dedicated to maize and agave cultivation, reflecting a strong rural-agricultural heritage gradually transitioning towards a more suburban character as Guadalajara expands. The urban–rural gradient is evident, with Cuquío exhibiting a mix of traditional rural settlements and newer residential developments catering to commuters working in Guadalajara. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the region receives seasonal rainfall, contributing to humidity levels. The proximity to Guadalajara’s industrial belt, particularly the areas around Tlaquepaque and Zapopan, means Cuquío is susceptible to transported pollutants. Prevailing winds often carry industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust from Guadalajara, impacting local air quality. The terrain, with its sloping hills, can also trap pollutants, especially during periods of atmospheric inversion, exacerbating localized air pollution episodes. The town’s growth is intrinsically linked to Guadalajara’s, making it vulnerable to the city’s environmental challenges.

Cuquío’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Jalisco’s climate. The region generally observes a wet and dry season, rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often presents the greatest air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric cleansing, and the lack of moisture inhibits the removal of particulate matter. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their concentration. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, also contributes significantly to particulate pollution during these months, particularly in February and March. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally scrubbing the atmosphere and reducing pollutant levels. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased mold and fungal spores, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. During the monsoon-like periods of July and August, strong winds can disperse pollutants, offering temporary relief. Fog, particularly in the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity on days with visible haze or smoke. Children and the elderly are also particularly vulnerable and should take precautions. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can mitigate some of the risks.