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Degollado, Jalisco, nestled within the rugged Sierra de Quila, presents a compelling case study in how geography shapes urban air quality. Located at approximately 20.4667° N, 102.15° W and an elevation of around 1,650 meters (5,413 feet) above sea level, the city enjoys a relatively cool, highland climate. Its position within the western Mexican highlands places it within a transitional zone between the arid northern plains and the lush, subtropical landscapes of southern Jalisco. The surrounding terrain is dominated by steep slopes and valleys, characteristic of volcanic landscapes, influencing local wind patterns and creating potential for air stagnation. The Sierra de Quila acts as a barrier, moderating regional weather systems but also trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Degollado’s urban fabric is a blend of traditional colonial architecture and more modern development, sprawling across the valley floor. Agriculture, particularly maize and livestock farming, is prevalent in the surrounding rural areas, contributing to potential particulate matter emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities significantly impacting air quality in the immediate vicinity of the city. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the presence of smaller streams and seasonal water sources influences local humidity and can affect the dispersion of pollutants. The absence of large-scale industrial belts within Degollado itself mitigates some industrial pollution risks, though transportation-related emissions and agricultural practices remain key factors.

Degollado’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its highland climate and prevailing weather patterns. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses the most concerning air quality conditions. Reduced rainfall and increased temperatures contribute to a build-up of particulate matter, particularly from agricultural burning practices common during land preparation. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent during this period, exacerbating pollution accumulation. The wet season, from June to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity helps to disperse them. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to soil erosion and dust storms, temporarily degrading air quality. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a resurgence of particulate matter. December and January are generally cooler and drier, with occasional fog formation which can trap pollutants in localized areas. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution episodes. Agricultural workers should prioritize protective equipment and monitor local conditions. Maintaining vehicle maintenance and minimizing open burning are crucial steps for all residents to contribute to improved air quality throughout the year.