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Etzatlán, nestled in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, occupies a significant position within the country’s central highlands. Located at coordinates 20.7667, -104.0833, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 1,450 meters (4,757 feet) above sea level. This altitude contributes to a generally temperate climate, but also influences air quality through atmospheric stratification. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Etzatlán is not directly adjacent to large bodies of water, though rivers and streams originating in the higher elevations traverse the region, providing irrigation for the surrounding agricultural lands. The city’s economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly maize, beans, and agave for tequila production. While not a major industrial hub itself, Etzatlán is within reach of Guadalajara’s industrial corridor, meaning long-range transport of pollutants is a potential concern. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced; the city centre is relatively compact, transitioning quickly to agricultural fields and sparsely populated rural areas. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field burning and dust. The terrain funnels winds, potentially concentrating pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions, impacting local air quality.

Etzatlán experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from November to May, sees consistently clearer skies but also increased dust and particulate matter from agricultural activities and road traffic. January and February are often the months with the lowest precipitation, leading to a build-up of these pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. The wet season, spanning June to October, brings relief through rainfall which washes away particulate matter. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. August and September, the peak of the rainy season, generally offer the best air quality. During this period, winds associated with the North American Monsoon can also help disperse pollutants. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the dry season, limiting strenuous outdoor activity. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors on days with visible haze is advisable. The transition months of May and November can be unpredictable, with fluctuating air quality depending on rainfall patterns.