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Nezahualcóyotl, situated in the State of México within the Valley of Mexico, occupies a critical position in North America's most populous metropolitan region. Located at 19.4081°N, -99.0186°W and approximately 2,240 meters above sea level, this densely populated urban municipality lies on the former bed of Lake Texcoco, a now-drained lacustrine basin that creates unique environmental challenges. The city's geography is characterized by flat terrain with minimal natural drainage, surrounded by the Sierra de Guadalupe to the north and the Ajusco-Chichinautzin volcanic range to the south, which collectively form a natural bowl that traps atmospheric pollutants. Nezahualcóyotl's position immediately east of Mexico City places it within the Mexico City Metropolitan Area's industrial and transportation corridor, where it experiences significant vehicular emissions from the Mexico City-Puebla highway and industrial activities from nearby zones like Iztapalapa and Ecatepec. The urban-rural gradient shows intense urbanization with limited green spaces, transitioning abruptly to agricultural zones in eastern portions of the State of México. Proximity to the remnants of Lake Texcoco contributes to dust pollution during dry periods, while the high elevation reduces oxygen availability, exacerbating respiratory impacts from pollution. This geographic setting creates a perfect storm for poor air quality, as the basin's topography inhibits pollutant dispersion, making Nezahualcóyotl particularly vulnerable to accumulation of contaminants from both local sources and the broader metropolitan region.

Nezahualcóyotl's air quality follows distinct seasonal patterns shaped by the Valley of Mexico's subtropical highland climate. During the dry winter months from November to February, pollution reaches its peak due to frequent thermal inversions that trap pollutants close to the ground, compounded by increased biomass burning for heating and festive fireworks in December. Cold temperatures and reduced wind speeds create stagnant air masses, making these months particularly hazardous for outdoor activities, especially for children, elderly residents, and those with respiratory conditions who should limit exposure during morning hours when inversions are strongest. Spring brings gradual improvement from March to May as temperatures rise and winds increase, though the pre-rainy season can see elevated ozone levels due to intense sunlight interacting with vehicle emissions. The summer rainy season from June to September offers the cleanest air, as daily afternoon thunderstorms and consistent winds from the Gulf of Mexico effectively wash away particulate matter and disperse pollutants, making this the optimal time for outdoor exercise and activities. Autumn experiences a transitional period in October and early November, when decreasing rainfall and changing wind patterns allow pollution to gradually rebuild toward winter peaks. Sensitive groups should monitor air quality alerts year-round, with particular caution during winter mornings and on days when the surrounding mountains are obscured by haze, indicating poor dispersion conditions.