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Jacona de Plancarte, nestled within the state of Michoacán, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Bajío region, a fertile and densely populated area known for its agricultural productivity. Located at approximately 19.9333° N, 102.3167° W, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 1,600 meters (5,249 feet) above sea level, placing it within a temperate highland climate zone. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Michoacán highlands, transitioning from agricultural fields to patches of scrubland and forested areas further afield. The city’s proximity to Lake Cuitzeo, Mexico’s largest freshwater lake, influences local humidity and weather patterns, though the lake’s impact on air quality is generally moderated by the prevailing winds. Jacona’s urban character is that of a regional hub, serving as a commercial and agricultural center for the surrounding rural communities. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands dominating the immediate periphery. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the region’s intensive agricultural practices, particularly maize and avocado cultivation, contribute to localized emissions from machinery and fertilizer use. The terrain, with its gentle slopes and valleys, can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather, impacting local air quality. The city’s location within a basin-like topography can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, a common meteorological phenomenon in the region, further influencing pollutant dispersion.

Jacona de Plancarte experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often sees a build-up of particulate matter. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to dust resuspension from agricultural fields and unpaved roads, a major source of pollution. Temperature inversions are more frequent during these cooler months, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, also intensifies during this period, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally helps to cleanse the air by washing away pollutants and suppressing dust. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from contaminated soils. Fog, common during the cooler months, further exacerbates air quality issues by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor activity during the early morning hours when inversions are most prevalent is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can also provide some protection.