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Tecuala, nestled in the coastal plains of Nayarit, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position where the fertile valleys of the Río Tecuala meet the expansive Bahía de Tecuala. Located at approximately 22.4004° N, 105.4600° W, the city’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 10 meters above sea level, contributing to a humid, subtropical climate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane and maize fields – interspersed with mangrove forests and coastal scrub along the bay. This agricultural intensity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air. Tecuala’s position within the wider Comarca Lahuichí region, a historically significant agricultural zone, means it’s influenced by farming practices across a broader area. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; the city itself is a modest settlement, transitioning quickly into agricultural fields and then into the coastal ecosystem. The proximity to the bay moderates temperatures but can also lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of calm weather. The Río Tecuala, flowing through the region, can contribute to humidity and, in periods of heavy rainfall, potential flooding which can resuspend particulate matter. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Tecuala, but regional transport routes carry goods to and from larger urban centers, contributing to vehicular emissions. The flat terrain limits natural air dispersion, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.

Tecuala’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter due to agricultural burning practices – a common method for land clearing and crop residue disposal. While regulations exist, enforcement can be challenging, leading to localized plumes of smoke. The prevailing winds during this period are generally light and variable, which can exacerbate the trapping of these pollutants, especially during temperature inversions that frequently occur in the evenings. The wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and significantly higher humidity. This rainfall acts as a natural scrubber, removing particulate matter from the atmosphere and generally improving air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, temporarily resuspending dust and debris. November to February represents a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures. Fog, common during these months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of reduced visibility and potentially impacting air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during agricultural burning events. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although heavy downpours can still impact visibility and air quality temporarily. The combination of humidity and temperature fluctuations throughout the year creates a dynamic air quality profile, requiring ongoing monitoring and adaptive strategies.