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Santiago Jocotepec, nestled within the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, occupies a geographically complex position in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Located at coordinates 17.5833, -95.8833, the city sits at a relatively low elevation, contributing to potential air stagnation. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mix of coastal plains and gently rolling hills, transitioning towards the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains further inland. This proximity to both the Pacific Ocean and mountainous terrain significantly influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. The city’s position within a broad valley can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of calm winds. Agriculture dominates the surrounding land use, with significant cultivation of corn, beans, and sugarcane. While not a major industrial hub itself, Santiago Jocotepec is situated within a region experiencing increasing industrial activity related to transportation and processing of agricultural goods. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly transitions into agricultural land. This creates localized pollution sources from domestic wood burning and vehicle emissions concentrated in the urban core, alongside potential agricultural dust and pesticide drift from surrounding fields. The Isthmus is known for its strong winds, but these are not always sufficient to fully disperse pollutants in the valley.

Santiago Jocotepec experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from November to April, presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, allowing pollutants to accumulate. Temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping cooler air – and its pollutants – near the ground. January and February often see the poorest air quality due to these factors, coupled with increased wood burning for heating. Sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during this period. The transition to the wet season, beginning in May, brings a gradual improvement. Increased rainfall washes away particulate matter, and higher humidity can suppress dust. June and July see a significant reduction in pollution, though localized sources remain. The peak of the wet season, August to October, offers the cleanest air, with frequent rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote mold growth, impacting respiratory health. Even during the wet season, agricultural practices can contribute to localized air quality issues. Monitoring conditions remains crucial, as short-term dry spells can quickly reverse improvements.