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Felipe Carrillo Puerto, nestled on the Yucatán Peninsula in Quintana Roo, Mexico, occupies a unique geographic position profoundly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately 19.5786° N, 88.0453° W, the city lies within the expansive Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage site, immediately shaping its environmental character. The terrain is predominantly low-lying coastal plain, rarely exceeding 10 meters above sea level, characterized by limestone bedrock and shallow soils. This flat topography limits vertical mixing of air, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s proximity to the Caribbean Sea is a defining feature, providing a constant source of moisture and influencing prevailing wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of dense tropical rainforest, mangrove forests lining the coastline, and cenotes – sinkholes revealing underground freshwater systems. Agriculture, primarily focused on maize, beans, and some fruit cultivation, exists in the immediate hinterland, though large-scale industrial activity is notably absent. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into the protected biosphere reserve. The lack of significant industrial belts within close proximity is a positive factor for air quality, however, agricultural practices and occasional burning of vegetation for land clearing can contribute to localized particulate matter. The porous limestone geology also influences drainage patterns and can affect the dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized concentrations. The overall geographic setting promotes a generally cleaner air environment compared to more industrialized regions, but specific weather events can still impact local conditions.

Felipe Carrillo Puerto experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically from February to May, is characterized by lower humidity and increased sunshine. While this might seem beneficial, the lack of rainfall can exacerbate the accumulation of particulate matter from local sources, such as agricultural burning and dust stirred up by wind. The prevailing easterly trade winds are generally consistent, but periods of calm can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during the transition months of April and May. The wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate concentrations. However, tropical storms and hurricanes, common during this period, can temporarily disrupt air quality with wind-blown dust and debris. November to January represents a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and increasing wind speeds. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during cooler nights. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of calm winds or agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding storm-related air quality impacts is essential. The consistent sea breeze usually helps to disperse pollutants, but localized agricultural practices can still create temporary air quality concerns. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and avoiding exposure during periods of elevated dust or smoke is advisable.