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Cárdenas, San Luis Potosí, nestled in north-central Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the Huasteca Potosina region. Located at approximately 22.01° N, 99.65° W and an elevation of roughly 350 meters (1,150 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills and valleys, typical of the transition zone between the central Mexican plateau and the lush, subtropical Huasteca. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily maize and beans – interspersed with patches of semi-arid scrubland and increasingly, small-scale industrial development. The Río Cárdenas, a vital waterway, flows through the municipality, providing a source of irrigation and influencing local microclimates. While not directly coastal, the region’s proximity to the Gulf of Mexico contributes to higher humidity levels, particularly during the wet season. The urban–rural gradient shifts rapidly outside the city limits, transitioning from modest residential areas to extensive agricultural lands and eventually, the rugged terrain of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Cárdenas’ location within a developing industrial corridor, connecting San Luis Potosí with other regional hubs, introduces localized pollution sources. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast, can transport pollutants from nearby industrial zones and agricultural burning practices, impacting air quality within the city. The relatively flat topography, while facilitating urban expansion, can also exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, especially during periods of stagnant air.

Cárdenas experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to June, is often characterized by higher temperatures and reduced rainfall. This period frequently sees an increase in agricultural burning as farmers clear fields for planting, releasing particulate matter and other pollutants into the atmosphere. The lack of rainfall and drier conditions can also contribute to the formation of temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Conversely, the wet season, from July to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the air and reducing particulate concentrations. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from contaminated soils. November and February represent transitional months, with fluctuating weather patterns. During these periods, fog can form, particularly in the mornings, trapping pollutants and creating localized air quality concerns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during agricultural burning events. Limiting outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air or fog is advisable. While the wet season generally offers improved air quality, monitoring local conditions and heeding any public health advisories remains crucial for protecting respiratory health.