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Acayucan, nestled in the southern reaches of Veracruz, Mexico, occupies a geographically complex position within the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. Located at approximately 17.94°N, 94.91°W and an elevation of around 450 meters (1,476 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, significantly influencing local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily sugarcane and maize cultivation – interspersed with patches of tropical dry forest. This agricultural activity, particularly sugarcane processing, contributes to localized emissions. Acayucan sits on the edge of a gradual urban-rural gradient; to the west, the landscape transitions to more extensive agricultural fields and smaller rural communities, while to the east, the terrain becomes steeper, rising into the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre. The Coatzacoalcos River, though not directly adjacent, exerts a regional influence, impacting humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of pollutants. The city’s position within a relatively enclosed valley, coupled with the surrounding mountains, can lead to stagnant air conditions, especially during periods of low wind speed. Furthermore, Acayucan’s proximity to the industrial corridor along the Coatzacoalcos River, a hub for petrochemical and refining industries, means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution events, with prevailing winds occasionally carrying emissions from these sources. The urban character is predominantly residential, with a central commercial district and scattered industrial zones, further contributing to a complex interplay of local and regional air quality factors.

Acayucan’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall and higher temperatures lead to increased dust resuspension from agricultural fields and construction sites. Furthermore, the lack of precipitation allows for the accumulation of pollutants, exacerbated by frequent temperature inversions that trap emissions close to the ground, particularly during the early morning hours. The sugarcane harvest season, concentrated within this period, significantly contributes to smoke and particulate pollution from burning practices, although regulations aim to mitigate this. Conversely, the wet season, from June to October, brings relief through frequent rainfall, which naturally scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, potentially releasing contaminants from industrial sites or agricultural runoff. November and February represent transitional months, with variable weather patterns and fluctuating air quality. Fog, common during these periods, can trap pollutants, creating localized episodes of reduced visibility and elevated concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during the sugarcane harvest, and be mindful of potential fog events. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential flood-related contaminants is advised.