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Comapa, nestled within the state of Veracruz, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position in the southern Gulf Coastal Plain. Located at coordinates 19.1650°N, -96.8856°W, the city sits at a relatively low elevation, approximately 20 meters above sea level. This low-lying terrain contributes to potential issues with air stagnation. The surrounding landscape is characterized by lush tropical rainforest, part of the larger Veracruz rainforest ecosystem, interspersed with agricultural lands primarily dedicated to coffee and banana cultivation. Comapa’s proximity to the Gulf of Mexico introduces high humidity and influences local wind patterns. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the region supports smaller-scale processing of agricultural products, contributing to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning quickly to rural agricultural areas. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential for particulate matter from field burning and pesticide drift. The city’s location within a river basin can also exacerbate pollution events, trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Comapa.

Comapa experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from February to May, sees a concentration of pollutants due to reduced rainfall for atmospheric cleansing and increased dust from agricultural activities. Temperature inversions are common during the cooler mornings of these months, trapping pollutants near ground level. This period is generally less favourable for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The onset of the wet season in June brings relief, with frequent rainfall effectively washing pollutants from the air. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mold and mildew, impacting indoor air quality. August and September often experience the heaviest rainfall, resulting in the cleanest air. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual build-up of pollutants. December and January are relatively mild, but agricultural burning can still contribute to localised haze. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor local conditions closely. The prevailing easterly winds offer some dispersion, but local topography can limit their effectiveness.