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Lerdo de Tejada, nestled within the state of Veracruz, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the Huasteca Potosina region. Located at approximately 18.6239° latitude and -95.5142° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 350 meters (1,148 feet) above sea level, contributing to a moderate climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of rolling hills and valleys, typical of the eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. This terrain influences local wind patterns, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants. Lerdo de Tejada’s proximity to the Panteón River, a tributary of the Pánuco River basin, provides a limited source of moisture and influences humidity levels. The urban fabric is relatively compact, reflecting its smaller population of approximately 19,606 residents. The city’s regional position places it within a transitional zone between agricultural lands and emerging industrial activity, primarily focused on processing agricultural products and light manufacturing. The urban-rural gradient is gradual, with smaller agricultural communities and rural settlements extending outwards, impacting the overall air quality through agricultural practices and potential emissions. The prevailing winds generally flow from the northeast, carrying air masses from the Gulf of Mexico, which can introduce moisture and, under certain conditions, pollutants from distant sources. The mountainous terrain can also create localized areas of stagnant air, particularly during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality challenges.

Lerdo de Tejada experiences a tropical savanna climate, exhibiting distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall and higher temperatures lead to increased dust generation from agricultural fields and construction sites. Furthermore, the lack of precipitation limits the natural cleansing effect of rain, allowing pollutants to accumulate. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. The wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally improving air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and increased humidity can help trap some gaseous pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from inundated areas. November and February represent transitional periods, with fluctuating weather patterns. During these months, fog can form, particularly in the mornings, trapping pollutants close to the ground and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak hours and monitoring local air quality reports. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of dust exposure during land preparation and harvesting. Maintaining well-ventilated indoor spaces and using air purifiers can further mitigate exposure during periods of poor air quality.