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Soteapan, nestled within the mountainous terrain of Veracruz, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 18.23° N, 94.87° W. The city’s elevation, averaging around 1,100 meters (3,609 feet) above sea level, contributes to a cooler climate compared to coastal regions of Veracruz, but also influences local air circulation patterns. Soteapan is situated within the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, a landscape characterized by steep slopes, dense cloud forests, and a mosaic of agricultural lands. The surrounding terrain is predominantly rural, with small-scale farming – primarily coffee and maize cultivation – dominating the landscape. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the use of fertilizers and occasional agricultural burning, particularly during land clearing. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with the city bordered by extensive forested areas. While Soteapan lacks direct proximity to major bodies of water, the nearby Río Uxpanapa and its tributaries play a crucial role in the regional hydrological cycle, influencing humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of pollutants. The city’s location away from major industrial belts mitigates large-scale industrial emissions, however, transportation-related pollution from vehicles traversing the mountainous roads remains a factor. The topography creates localized valleys and depressions where air pollutants can accumulate, especially during periods of calm winds, impacting air quality within the city limits.

Soteapan’s tropical monsoon climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a slight increase in particulate matter. This is partly attributable to reduced rainfall, which limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, and potentially increased agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for planting. The mountainous terrain can also trap pollutants during this period, leading to localized concentrations. Conversely, the wet season (June to October) brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally resulting in improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can sometimes lead to increased mold and fungal spores, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. November to February represents a transitional period, with fluctuating rainfall and temperatures. Fog, common during these months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating temporary episodes of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of certain pollutants. The prevailing winds, generally flowing from the east, can transport pollutants from surrounding agricultural areas into the city. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and considering the use of air filtration devices when necessary. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and air quality conditions is crucial for minimizing potential health impacts.