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Texistepec, Veracruz, nestled within the southeastern lowlands of Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the state and the broader Gulf Coastal Plain. Located at approximately 17.9000° N, -94.8167° W, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the sedimentary coastal plains. Its elevation is relatively low, averaging around 10-20 meters above sea level, contributing to a humid subtropical climate and limited vertical mixing of air. Texistepec sits near the Coatzacoalcos River basin, a vital waterway influencing regional hydrology and potentially impacting local air quality through moisture content and occasional flooding events. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily sugarcane and maize cultivation – interspersed with patches of tropical deciduous forest. This agricultural activity, particularly sugarcane processing, represents a key source of potential air pollutants. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with small farming communities and scattered rural settlements bordering the city limits. Further afield, the industrial belt centered around Coatzacoalcos, a major petrochemical hub, exerts an influence on Texistepec’s air quality, with prevailing winds occasionally carrying pollutants from that region. The proximity to the Gulf of Mexico also introduces maritime influences, including humidity and occasional salt spray, which can interact with atmospheric pollutants. The flat topography and limited elevation hinder the natural dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized air quality challenges, especially during periods of stagnant air.

Texistepec’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and lower humidity. The lack of precipitation means fewer opportunities for particulate matter washout, and the drier air can exacerbate the effects of dust from agricultural activities and road traffic. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying localized concentrations. Conversely, the wet season (June to October) brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing pollutant levels. Monsoon-like conditions, characterized by periods of intense rainfall and strong winds, effectively disperse pollutants, leading to improved air quality. November and February represent transitional periods, with fluctuating weather patterns and variable air quality. Fog, particularly during the cooler mornings of the dry season, can also trap pollutants, creating temporary pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air or fog. Limiting outdoor exertion and avoiding areas with high traffic volume are advisable. During the wet season, while overall air quality is generally better, heavy rainfall can occasionally lead to localized flooding and the release of mold spores, which can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. Staying informed about local weather forecasts and air quality advisories is crucial for protecting respiratory health.